转自网络，原者：lg00122
随着IMO的涂层改革后，2008年将给各大船厂和检验人员带来巨大冲击。
检验人员资格需要达到FROSIO3级和NACE2级。在此与大家分享一些本人考FROSIO的一些经验，
希望对大家有帮助。常识：
FROSIO是挪威语，英文意思为The Norwegian professional council for education and certification of inspectors and surface treatment.意思是挪威表面处理检验员教育和认证专业委员会。
针对涂装行业日益严格的质量控制和质量保证体系，在1986年，由许多相关的产业部门，包括水利部，造船协会，挪威色漆和清漆生产商协会，防腐蚀涂装承包商协会，工程师顾问协会等，经协商讨论，基于各方面的重视和迫切要求，成立了表面处理检验员教育和认证的专业机构FROSIO，由国家技术研究院下属的材料和防腐蚀保护部门专门负责。
一个合格的表面处理检验员，以NS476为标准，要经过认真的培训（理论和实践80个小时课程）和严格的考试才能获得FROSIO资格。截至2002年8月1日，世界上有58个国家和地区的几千名涂装技术人员参加了培训和考试，共有2660多人通过了FROSIO考核。
FROSIO是对涂装顾问进行的一项先进的拓展培训计划，由“挪威涂装检查专家专业委员会”执行。培训课程是为期10天的集中教学，包括实践与理论课程。完成培训之后，如果通过考试，学员将获得FROSIO证书。
FROSIO培训是依据挪威标准NS 476：涂装检查人员的核准规则。此标准对涂装检查人员的专业资格做出了规定，并应确保在金属材料的表面处理之前、当中及之后，按照标准进行检验。
依据此标准对涂装顾问进行考核，成为依据ISO 9000系列建立质保体系的组成部分。
另一个认证就是美国的NACE（National Association and Corrosion Engineer ）,美国的国家腐蚀工程师协会。在此就不多介绍了。
考试：
该考试分理论和实际操作两个部分：理论满分150，及格分数100。实际操作满分48，及格分数32。只有两个都过线才能拿到证书，只过了其中一个可以下期补考。考试加培训费用3000 usd左右。考试时间理论和实践各4个小时
过程：这个考试是全球性的，培训的老师是国外的，在一起考生也是各个国家的。我考试的那一期，两个老师来自挪威。17个考生来自9个国家。考试培训加考试一共10天时间。
这十天是很痛苦的（如果自己准备不充分）。8点准时开课，12下课吃饭休息，13点开课，17点下课。然后老师布置一些作业，考生分组进行讨论整理出答案，第2天一上课向大家说本组的答案，并与大家讨论。其实晚上还要自己回去看书看讲义，消化今天的东西。其实我觉得自己很卖力晚上看书看到23点，这已经很难得对我来说。有一天早上吃早饭，我碰到两个泰国的，看他们的眼睛很紧。我就问他们昨天几点睡的。答案是今天早上3点。其实他们的方法我很赞成，因为每天的培训上课就有8小时，睡的太晚会影响第2天的听课效果。如此反复效果并不好。不过每个课间休息的时候，我们还是很喜欢的。因为培训大部分在三星以上的酒店进行。所以课间休息外面有服务员准备好了水果，咖啡，和点心，可以好好吃一顿。其实这也是羊毛出在羊身上。还有的人晚上睡的很晚，课间的时候干脆就趴在那睡一会。想起来真的很累。
考试前两天，有一天是讲实际操作的。各种实验一起都有。大家自己动手操作，注意写下步骤。还有一天是预考。预考很重要，题型，时间，可以让你模仿真题。如果预考不过心里很压抑的。
告戒：
不要以为8个小时的考试时间很充裕，其实这个时间是很短的。由于考试是全英文的，全是问答题和解释计算题。所以平时要对英语有积累，名词术语，专业标准和标准号要记牢。还要形成自己的语言。说会说，但是写不一定会写。平时不爱动笔，考试的时候自己完全理解这个问题但是就是写不出来是很痛苦的。我当时考笔试的时候用了三个小时，感觉时间还很充裕，我们这一批里只有一个新加坡的哥们没有答完卷子。还有两道大题没有做。基本上就挂了，那两道题也有40分啊。
考题类型：
问答题，解释题（分名词解释，概念解释，标准解释），画图题，计算题
实际操作的就不用解释了，实验也是有规范的，ISO，ASTM的居多。
个人经验：
当准备参加考试的时候，要准备好材料，有一本书不错是《corrosion protection inspector’s handbook of reference》，这本书在正式培训的时候你会有，因为你花钱了100USD的很贵，我这有，但是扫描太麻烦了。本书封面看图片（handbook） .有了资料后，培训前最好看一遍，对生词进行勾画记忆。对整体有个概念。对于一些概念和名词解释最好做个笔记，对于书中的一些原理图要有一定的理解。在培训期间主要是加深记忆理解，有重点的学习。多写多说加深印象，这是最后的冲刺了。对于计算题大家不要太费神，考试的时候会给你公式的。
我本来有一套韩国人的复习资料40页左右，很好的，简单明了。但是后来给别人了自己没有扫描保存，不能与大家分享确实遗憾。这个培训对我来说意义很大，开拓了视野。与别人讨论，才知道一些问题的理解还不全。学了这些东西有很大的实际意义。比如和施工单位打交道，很多现象你可以为他们解释。而且很多老外对这方面也不是很精通，你如果把FROSIO里的东西哪出来跟他说one ,two ,three, four …so… 他就会另眼相看了。
以上只是个人的一些经历，在2008新标准实施的时候希望有更多的朋友能够加入FROSIO 或NACE 。如果有兴趣的朋友我们可以一起来讨论。
以下是挪威标准NS476对FROSIO检查人员的要求
NS 476 Rules for the approval of surface treatments inspectors
The standard gives rules for the professional qualification of surface treatment inspectors and shall thereby ensure inspection to professional standard prior to, during and subsequent to surface treatment of metallic materials.
The standard establishes two levels of inspectors, requirements shall be met to become qualified and requirements for maintenance of the qualification.
Inspectors approved according to this standard, are intended to be a part of quality assurance systems based on e. g ISO 9001 to 9003
Education
4.1.1 Candidates having completed education and apprenticeship in the following trades; building machine and industrial painting, hot dip galvanizing, thermal spray metallizing, electrolytical coating application, or automobile finishing.
4.1.2 Candidates having college education or equivalent in the fields of mechanical engineering, ship construction, metallurgy, chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, or civil engineering.
4.1.3 Candidate not having the education mentioned in clauses 4.1.1 or 4.1.2
Experience-Assistant inspector
4.2.1.1 Candidates in accordance with clause 4.1.1 shall have completed their apprenticeship, and shall have at least 5 years experience in their trade inclusive of apprenticeship.
4.2.1.2 Candidates in accordance with clause 4.1.2 shall have at least 2 years relevant experience from the building or operation of ships or offshore platforms, the engineering, building or the paint industry.
4.2.1.3 Candidates in accordance with clause 4.1.3 shall have at least 7 years of relevant experience in one o several of the fields protective coatings, blast cleaning, or the maintenance of ships, buildings ,power stations, bridges, harbour installations, offshore or industrial plants.
Validity, renewal or withdrawal
The approval is valid for 5 years
For renewal 2 years of documented active experience as an inspector in the 5 years period
Withdrawal may occur if the FROSIO board
Receive documented proof of negligence by the inspector
Examination
The examination consists of two separate exams.
A theoretical exam-lasting 41/2 hours
A practical exam-lasting 41/2 hours
The maximum score on the theoretical exam is 150 pts. You must have minimum 100 pts. To pass the examination.
The maximum score on the practical exam is 48 pts, you must have minimum 32 pts, to pass the examination.
Inspector for surface treatment
2 years experience as an assistant inspector
Assistant inspector for surface treatment
Examination inspection work (theoretical practical)
80 hours course in inspection or protective coatings
At least 5 years of relevant experience ,see clause 4.2.1.1 comp, apprenticeship
At least 2 years of relevant experience, see 4.2.1.2. education from university of tech schools
At least 7 years of relevant experience, see 4..2.1.3
Responsibilities typical for inspectors
The inspectors shall ascertain that:
Only valid specifications are used an that these are adhered to
Preparation of steel surfaces e.g rounding of sharp edges, grinding of surface defects, removal of weld spatter
Base materials, paints coatings and other consumables (e.g degreasers and thinners) are being used correctly
The specified paints/coatings are being applied to the correct basis material
Equipment for preparation and application is in good operating order
Paints/coatings and other consumables are stored correctly
Responsibilities typical for inspectors
The inspectors shall ascertain that:
Preparation, ambient conditions, coating thickness (wet and dry), time intervals between coats, are checked and the results documented in accordance with requirements
Safety and environmental regulations are adhered to
Operators are qualified in accordance with requirements
Testing or analysis are carried out in accordance with requirements by qualified personnel, and that equipment used is in good order and calibrated
Work, inspection and testing are documented and reported in an acceptable manner
Responsibilities typical for inspectors
Testing/inspections may include:
Non destructive testing e.g film thickness measurements, curing tests, pinhole detection
Visual inspection e.g cleanliness, surface roughness of substrate, coating defects (in accordance with requirements in e.g ISO 4628)
Destructive testing e.g adhesion testing according to requirements in ISO 4624
Other testing e.g contamination of blasted surface or between coats
Responsibilities typical for inspectors
Additionally the inspectors shall:
Plan his work in accordance with the requirements of the specifications and procedures, or refer to standards which, according to agreement, are made applicable as part of the field of inspection
Deal with non-conformances
Produce reports based on documentation of inspection work, tests, non-conformances and corrective actions
Point out and register surfaces which cannot, because of their from and position, be coated in accordance with the specification
